Beta testing of the new command line is complete. The new, improved commands init and start are ready for production use and are the recommended method for running VoltDB, replacing the legacy commands create, recover, rejoin, and add.

The new commands are described in the reference page for the voltdb command. The example applications that come with the VoltDB software use the new commands. The remainder of the documentation will be updated to reflect the new commands over the next few releases.

When initializing the database root directories for a cluster with the voltdb init command, each server can specify separate paths for its resources. For example, the database root itself can be different. Also explicit paths in the deployment file, such as the paths for command logs, export overflow, snapshots, etc can be unique per server if you wish. These path attributes are not checked when comparing the deployment files between servers on cluster startup.

It is now possible to use different versions of VoltDB on the two clusters used for cross data center replication (XDCR). The main use of this capability is to allow "live" software upgrades of VoltDB by upgrading each cluster in sequence. See the section on "Upgrading VoltDB Software" in the VoltDB Administrator's Guide for more information. (Note that running different versions for an extended period is not recommended, due to incompatibilities resulting from new SQL syntax introduced by later versions of the software.)

VoltDB now supports joining multiple tables in a view using inner joins. For best performance, having an index on the joining column(s) is strongly recommended. See the description of the CREATE VIEW statement in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

VoltDB also now supports use of the RANK() window function in the selection list of a SELECT statement. For example:

SELECT city, population,
    RANK() OVER (ORDER BY population) FROM cities...

See the description of the SELECT statement in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

The following improvements have been made to saving and restoring snapshots:

New SQL functions for sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent are available. The functions are SIN(), COS(), TAN(), SEC(), CSC(), and COT(), and take one numeric argument representing an angle measured in radians. See the appendix of SQL functions in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

SQL functions that do not require any input arguments, such as NOW() and PI(), can now be specified either with or without the parentheses. Previously, some functions required the parentheses and some did not accept them. Both forms are now allowed. For example, the current timestamp value can be specified as either CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() or CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.

Two new directives, ECHO and ECHOERROR, let you write comments into the output of the sqlcmd utility. Each directive writes any following text on the line, as is, to standard output or standard error, respectively. See the sqlcmd command in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

The web-based VoltDB Management Center now includes recommended settings for the Java heap in the sizing worksheet. The recommendations are based on the current database schema, plus the desired cluster configuration and estimated data volume. After starting the database, go to the Management Center (http://{server-address}:8080), click on the Schema tab and then Size Worksheet to use the worksheet.

The Management Center also includes the current and recommended heap settings for the current configuration in the Overview section of the Schema tab.

VoltDB now supports Ubuntu 16.04 as a base platform for production usage.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

This release introduces new, improved commands for starting VoltDB database servers. The new command line will ultimately replace the create, recover, rejoin, and add commands with just two commands: init and start.

The new commands are available for beta testing and are described in a separate beta release letter. Both new and old commands will be supported for the remaining 6.x releases. However, the old commands will be deprecated in the future so we encourage all interested customers to try the new commands and provide feedback to ensure they meet your needs. Thank you.

Changes have been made to how VoltDB distributes schema updates (including adding and removing stored procedures) to cluster nodes. These changes can significantly reduce the time required for the schema update to complete on clusters with a large number of sites per host.

Improved clients for ODBC and the Go programming language are being released simultaneously with this release of VoltDB. The Go client now supports client affinity, standard Go syntax for connecting to a database, as well as automatically reconnecting to broken connections. Both clients will be available from the VoltDB web site client download page.

The VoltDB SELECT statement now supports full outer joins.

TIMESTAMP values are stored as eight-byte integers. It is possible to enter an eight-byte numeric value that is not actually a valid timestamp. The new functions MIN_VALID_TIMESTAMP() and MAX_VALID_TIMESTAMP() give you access to the valid minimum and maximum values. The function IS_VALID_TIMESTAMP() compares a TIMESTAMP value and returns true or false depending on whether the value falls within the valid range or not. See the appendix of SQL functions in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

It is now possible to use boolean literals — such as TRUE and FALSE or 1=1 and 1=0 — when evaluating conditional expressions in SQL statements. For example:

SELECT Silos FROM Barns WHERE TRUE;
SELECT Rooms FROM Houses WHERE 1=0;

The csvloader utility has a new argument, --header, which indicates that the first row of data is a header row containing the names of the columns. These column names must match names of columns in the database table. By using --header, the columns in the CSV file can be in a different order than the table columns. Also, the CSV file can have a subset of columns, as long as the missing columns are declared with a default value or not explicitly NOT NULL in the database schema. See the description of the csvloader utility in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

The sqlcmd utility lets you specify multiple servers to connect to using the --servers argument. However, previously if any of the listed servers were unavailable, sqlcmd would not start. Now, sqlcmd ignores unavailable servers and will continue as long as at least one of the listed servers is accessible.

Previously, any constraint violation during a restore operation, was interpreted as a fatal error and stopped the database. This behavior has changed. Constraint violations during restore are now reported as warnings and the data records logged to a CSV file. This allows you to restore as much data as possible and resolve the constraint violations manually once the restore operation completes.

The VoltDB JDBC driver can now automatically reconnect to lost connections. To enable this feature, you add an argument to the connection string, like so:

Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(
     "jdbc:voltdb://svr1:21212,svr2:21212?autoreconnect=true");

See the section on the JDBC interface in the Using VoltDB manual for details.

There is a new parameter for the JDBC export connector that lets you specify whether the connector should automatically create tables matching the export streams in the target database. The new parameter is createtable and is described in the documentation of the JDBC export connector in the Using VoltDB manual.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

It is now possible to use Cross Datacenter Replication (XDCR) to perform active replication between clusters of different sizes. That is, clusters with a different number of nodes, K-safety, or sites per host.

The conflict logs for Cross Datacenter Replication (XDCR) contain additional information. Two new columns were added to record the timestamp when the conflict occurred and the ID of the cluster reporting the conflict. These are in addition to the existing columns recording the timestamp and cluster ID of the transaction that generates the conflict. Also an extra row marked as DEL is added when the conflict is the result of a DELETE operation. See the chapter on Database Replication in the Using VoltDB manual for more information.

You can now enable encryption for the VoltDB httpd port, which is used for the JSON interface and access to the VoltDB Management Center. This means all access to these features will use the HTTPS protocol rather than the unencrypted HTTP. You enable HTTPS in the deployment file. See the appendix on Server Configuation Options in the VoltDB Administrator's Guide for more information.

Previously, admin mode could be enabled when starting the cluster only by modifying the deployment file before starting. This is not an ideal approach for a setting that can be changed at runtime. So starting with 6.4 turning on admin mode on start is done through a new command line flag, --pause. By adding --pause to the voltdb create or voltdb recover command, you can start the cluster in admin mode, which is handy when wanting to perform administrative tasks, such as modifying the schema or restoring a snapshot, before allowing clients full read/write access. (Use of the deployment file to enable admin mode is still supported, but deprecated in favor of the new command line flag.)

Three new SQL functions have been added:

In addition, the MOD() function has been enhanced to operate on either DECIMAL or INTEGER values. ee the appendix on SQL Functions in the Using VoltDB for more information.

A new source for the VoltDB importer, Amazon Kinesis, is now available. Kinesis joins Kafka as the supported sources for import. There is also an export connector for Amazon Kinesis available from the VoltDB public Github repository (https://github.com/VoltDB/export-kinesis). In addition, new properties have been added to control the operation of the import CSV and TSV formatters. See the chapter on Importing and Exporting Live Data in the Using VoltDB for more information.

A potential read consistency issue was identified and resolved. Read transactions can access data modified by write transactions on the local server, before all nodes confirm those write transactions. During a node failure or network partition, it is possible that the locally completed writes could be rolled back as part of the network partition resolution.

This could only happen in the off chance that the read transaction accesses data modified by an immediately preceding write that has not been committed on all copies of the partition prior to a network partition. But to ensure this cannot happen, reads now run on all copies of the partition, guaranteeing consensus among the servers and complete read consistency. However, it also incrementally increases the time required to complete a read-only transaction in a K-safe cluster. If you do not need complete read consistency, you can optionally set the cluster to produce faster read transactions using the old behavior, by setting the read level consistency to "fast" in the deployment file. See the appendix on Server Configuration Options in the VoltDB Administrator's Guide for more information.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

It is now possible to modify DR tables. In passive replication, changing the schema of DR tables on the master database automatically pauses DR on the replica until you make matching schema changes there. In cross data center replication (XDCR), you should pause both clusters and ensure all binary logs have been processed before making the schema changes and resume on both databases. See the chapter on Database Replication in the Using VoltDB manual for more information.

The examples in the VoltDB kit have been reorganized and significantly expanded. Some of the new examples demonstrate call center tracking, mobile ads, and managing time windows for selectively deleting old data. See the README.md file in the /examples folder for more information and a complete list of examples.

VoltDB now supports exporting geospatial columns through the export connectors, where the data is converted to well-known text (WKT) strings. This release also adds support for the JDBC setObject and getObject methods for converting geospatial data natively to and from the VoltDB GeographyValue and GeographyPoinValue types in Java to the database GEOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY_POINT datatypes.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The following limitation has been resolved:

Previously, passive Database Replication (DR) required both the master and replica clusters to have the same configuration; that is, the same number of nodes, sites per host, K factor, and so on. You can now use different size clusters for passive DR. You can even use different values for partition row limits on DR tables. However, be aware that using a smaller replica cluster could potentially lead to memory limitation issues. Be sure to configure both clusters with sufficient capacity for the expected volume of data.

The behavior of the voltdb create command has changed. If you attempt to create a new database in a voltdbroot directory that contains command logs, snapshots, or other artifacts of a previous session, the voltdb create command issues an error. This behavior is to avoid you accidentally deleting data when you should be using the voltdb recover command. You can override this default behavior by adding the --force argument to the voltdb create command to explicitly overwrite files from the previous database session.

The POLYGONFROMTEXT() converts well-known text (WKT) representations of polygons to the GEOGRAPHY datatype and the ISVALID() function verifies that the resulting polygon meets the requirements for VoltDB. The new function, VALIDPOLYGONFROMTEXT() performs both steps in a single function, returning an error if the resulting polygon is not valid.

The VoltDB C++ client API now supports use of the geospatial datatypes GEOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY_POINT.

If you specify a username on the command line but not a password, the VoltDB command lines utilities such as sqlcmd and csvloader will prompt you for the password. This feature is useful if you are scripting commands for a VoltDB database with security enabled. You no longer need to hardcode passwords into the script.

The VoltDB Deployment Manager is now available for general use. The Deployment Manager lets you configure and start VoltDB clusters using either a web-based interface or a programmable REST API. See the chapter on "Deploying Clusters Using the VoltDB Deployment Manager" in the VoltDB Administrator's Guide for details.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

This release introduces a new concept in VoltDB: streams. Streams act like virtual tables. You declare them like tables using the CREATE STREAM statement and you insert data into the stream using the INSERT statement. However, data inserted into a stream is not actually stored in the database. Data inserted into a stream can be analyzed (using views) and streamed directly to other business systems (using export).

To analyze streaming data, you define a stream using the CREATE STREAM statement, then define a view on that stream using the CREATE VIEW statement. This view allows you to perform summary analysis on the data as it passes through the database without paying the penalty of actually storing the data, all in a transactionally consistent way.

Although you cannot modify the underlying data of such views — because the stream is transient — views on streams are unique in that you can update the view itself if needed. For example, you can create a daily summary of a stream by resetting the view's values to zero at midnight using a DELETE FROM {view-name} or UPDATE {view-name} statement.

You can also export data from streams to external systems using VoltDB's existing export infrastructure. In fact, streams replace the old EXPORT TABLE concept. Instead of defining a table then declaring it as an export table, you now define a stream and assign it to an export target all in one statement. For example:

CREATE STREAM visits 
  EXPORT TO TARGET archive (
    user_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
    login TIMESTAMP
);

In the export deployment configuration, the old stream attribute is now replaced by target, to make the terminology consistent. Note that, although the EXPORT TABLE DDL statement and the deployment stream attribute are now deprecated, they will still be supported for backwards compatibility until some future major release.

See the description of the CREATE STREAM statement in the Using VoltDB manual for more information.

VoltDB now supports GEOGRAPHY columns in indexes. The index can be applied to instances of the CONTAINS() function where the indexed column is the first argument. For example, an index including the GEOGRAPHY column border could optimize the following query:

SELECT assets.id, counties.county, counties.state 
    FROM counties, assets
    WHERE CONTAINS(counties.border, assets.loc);

The new geospatial function DWITHIN() determines if two geospatial values (two points or a point and a geographical region) are within a specified distance of each other. For example, the following query returns all the restaurants within 5,000 meter of a tourist:

SELECT r.name, r.address, DISTANCE(r.loc,t.loc)
    FROM restaurants AS r, tourists AS t
    WHERE DWITHIN(r.loc, t.loc,5000) AND t.id = ?
    ORDER BY DISTANCE(r.loc,t.loc) ASC;

The csvloader now supports the ability to load values into geospatial columns (GEOGRAPHY or GEOGRAPHY_POINT) by including the values as well-known text (WKT) in the CSV input. See the chapter on "Creating Geospatial Applications" in the VoltDB Guide to Performance and Customization for information on creating WKT compatible with the grospatial datatypes.

We are working on a new deployment process for configuring and starting VoltDB clusters. The VoltDB Deployment Manager is a daemon process that supports both a RESTful API for scripting and an fully interactive web interface. Although not ready for production use, a beta version is included in the current software kits. Customers interested in trying out the new Deployment Manager and providing feedback should contact VoltDB support for more information.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

When running in virtualized environments, it is possible for the thread that creates binary logs for database replication (DR) to compete with transactions on the local cluster, causing occasional increased latency. To mitigate this situation, the initial size of the buffer for binary logs has been changed to 512KB, which is optimized for most workloads.

However, If your workload is observing long latencies when running cross datacenter replication (XDCR), you may need to adjust the size of the buffer. To change the default buffer size, set the VoltDB variable DDR_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE before starting the database process, specifying the size in bytes:

export VOLTDB_OPTS="-DDR_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE=nnnn"

The following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

The operating system and software requirements for VoltDB have been updated based on changes to the supported versions of the underlying technologies. Specifically:

Resource monitoring is enabled by default with a memory limit of 80%. If memory usage exceeds this limit, the database is placed in read-only mode until usage drops below the limit. You can alter the resource limits in the deployment file. See the section on resource monitoring in the VoltDB Administrator's Guide for details.

VoltDB now supports two new datatypes, GEOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY_POINT, and several new functions optimized for geospatial data. These datatypes are fully integrated in the VoltDB durability features such as snapshots and command logging. However, tables containing geospatial columns are not currently supported for export or database replication (DR). Integration of these capabilities will be added in a future release.

VoltDB now supports Kerberos security for the VoltDB Management Center (VMC) and the JSON interface. To allow access from VMC and JSON, the server JAAS login configuration must include two additional entries for the Java Generic Security Service (JGSS): one for the VoltDB service principle and one for the server's HTTP service principle.

The VoltDB Enterprise Manager, which was deprecated in V5.0, has been removed from the kit. JMX support, which was added for the Enterprise Manager, is now deprecated. See the chapter on database monitoring in the VoltDB Administrator's Guide for alternative ways to monitor your database.

In addition to the new features and capabilities described above, the following limitations in previous versions have been resolved:

There is an issue where, if the command log contains schema changes (performed through interactive DDL statements, voltadmin update, or @UpdateApplicationCatalog), when the command logs are recovered, the previous deployment file settings are used, even if an alternate deployment file is specified on the voltdb recover command line. Then, after recovering the database, a new schema update can result in the deployment settings specified on the command line taking affect.

Until this issue is resolved, the safest workaround to ensure the desired configuration is achieved is to perform the voltdb recover operation without modifying the current deployment file, then make deployment changes with the voltadmin update command after the database has started.

To ensure complete and accurate restoration of a database, recovery using command logs can only be performed to a cluster with the same number of unique partitions as the cluster that created the logs. If you restart and recover to the same cluster with the same deployment options, there is no problem. But if you change the deployment options for number of nodes, sites per host, or K-safety, recovery may not be possible.

For example, if a four node cluster is running with four sites per host and a K-safety value of one, the cluster has two copies of eight unique partitions (4 X 4 / 2). If one server fails, you cannot recover the command logs from the original cluster to a new cluster made up of the remaining three nodes, because the new cluster only has six unique partitions (3 X 4 / 2). You must either replace the failed server to reinstate the original hardware configuration or otherwise change the deployment options to match the number of unique partitions. (For example, increasing the site per host to eight and K-safety to two.)

VoltDB reserves the subfolder "segments" under the command log directory for storing the actual command log files. Do not add, remove, or modify any files in this directory. In particular, do not set the command log snapshot directory to a subfolder "segments" of the command log directory, or else the server will hang on startup.

Because DR data is buffered on the master database and then delivered asynchronously to the replica, there is always the danger that data does not reach the replica if a master node stops. This situation is mitigated in a K-safe environment by all copies of a partition buffering on the master cluster. Then if a sending node goes down, another node on the master database can take over sending logs to the replica. However, if multiple nodes go down and rejoin in rapid succession, it is possible that some buffered DR data — from transactions when one or more nodes were down — could be lost when another node with the last copy of that buffer also goes down.

If this occurs and the replica recognizes that some binary logs are missing, DR stops and must be restarted.

To avoid this situation, especially when cycling through nodes for maintenance purposes, the key is to ensure that all buffered DR data is transmitted before stopping the next node in the cycle. You can do this using the @Statistics system procedure to make sure the last ACKed timestamp (using @Statistitcs DR on the master cluster) is later than the timestamp when the previous node completed its rejoin operation.

Bulk operations, such as large deletes, inserts, or updates are possible within a single stored procedure. However, if the binary logs generated for DR are larger than 45MB, the operation will fail. To avoid this situation, it is best to break up large bulk operations into multiple, smaller transactions. A general rule of thumb is to multiply the size of the table schema by the number of affected rows. For deletes and inserts, this value should be under 45MB to avoid exceeding the DR binary log size limit. For updates, this number should be under 22.5MB (because the binary log contains both the starting and ending row values for updates).

There are a number of VoltDB features that help manage the database by constraining memory size and resource utilization. These features are extremely useful in avoiding crashes as a result of unexpected or unconstrained growth. However, these features could interfere with the normal operation of DR when passing data from one cluster to another, especially if the two clusters are different sizes. Therefore, as a general rule of thumb, DR overrides these features in favor of maintaining synchronization between the two clusters.

Specifically, DR ignores any resource monitor limits defined in the deployment file when applying binary logs on the consumer cluster. DR also ignores any partition row limits defined in the database schema when applying binary logs. This means, for example, if the replica database in passive DR has less memory or fewer unique partitions than the master, it is possible that applying binary logs of transactions that succeeded on the master could cause the replica to run out of memory. Note that these resource monitor and tables row limits are applied on any original transactions local to the cluster (for example, transactions on the master database in passive DR).

Database Replication (DR) now supports replication across clusters of different sizes. However, if the replica cluster is smaller than the master cluster, it may require a significantly larger Java heap setting. Specifically, if the replica has fewer unique partitions than the master, each partition on the replica must manage the incoming binary logs from more partitions on the master, which places additional pressure on the Java heap.

A simple rule of thumb is that the worst case scenario could require an additional P * R * 20MB space in the Java heap , where P is the number of sites per host on the replica server and R is the ratio of unique partitions on the master to partitions on the replica. For example, if the master cluster is 5 nodes with 10 sites per host and a K factor of 1 (i.e. 25 unique partitions) and the replica cluster is 3 nodes with 8 sites per host and a K factor of 1 (12 unique partitions), the Java heap on the replica cluster may require approximately 320MB of additional space in the heap:

An alternative is to reduce the size of the DR buffers on the master cluster by setting the DR_MEM_LIMIT Java property. For example, you can reduce the DR buffer size from the default 10MB to 5MB using the VOLTDB_OPTS environment variable before starting the master cluster.

Changing the DR buffer limit on the master from 10MB to 5MB proportionally reduces the additional heap size needed. So in the previous example, the additional heap on the replica is reduced from 320MB to 160MB.

Part of the replication process for XDCR is to verify that the record's starting and ending states match on both clusters, otherwise known as conflict resolution. To do that, XDCR must find the record first. Finding uniquely indexed records is efficient; finding non-unique records is not and can impact overall database performance.

To make you aware of possible performance impact, VoltDB issues a warning if you declare a table as a DR table and it does not have a unique index.

You cannot start XDCR if both databases already have data in the DR tables. Only one of the two participating databases can have preexisting data when DR starts for the first time.

When starting XDCR for the first time, where one database already contains data, a snapshot of that data is sent to the other database. While receiving and processing that snapshot, the receiving database is paused. That is, it is in read-only mode. Once the snapshot is completed and the two database are synchronized, the receiving database is automatically unpaused, resuming normal read/write operations.

Normally, XDCR will automatically restart where it left off after one of the clusters stops and recovers from its command logs (using the voltdb recover command). However, if the workload is predominantly multi-partition write transactions, a failed cluster may not be able to restart XDCR after it recovers. In this case, XDCR must be restarted from scratch, using the content from one of the clusters as the source for synchronizing and recreating the other cluster (using the voltdb create --force command) without any content in the DR tables.

When using XDCR, if the binary log from one cluster includes a TRUNCATE TABLE statement and the other cluster performs any write operation to the same table before the binary log is processed, the TRUNCATE TABLE operation will be reported as a conflict. Note that currently DELETE operations always supercede other actions, so the TRUNCATE TABLE will be executed on both clusters.

It is possible to place a limit on the number of rows that any partition can hold for a specific table using the LIMIT PARTITION ROWS clause of the CREATE TABLE statement. When close to the limit, transactions on either or both clusters can exceed the limit simultaneously, resulting in a potentially large number of delete operations that then generate conflicts when the the associated binary log reaches the other cluster.

VoltDB provides a way to generate a deterministically unique ID within a stored procedure using the getUniqueId method. This method guarantees uniqueness within the current cluster. However, the method could generate the same ID on two distinct database clusters. Consequently, when using XDCR, you should combine the return values of VoltProcedure.getUniqueId with VoltProcedure.getClusterId, which returns the current cluster's unique DR ID, to generate IDs that are unique across all clusters in your environment.

A bug in the Apache Kafka client can result in file descriptors being allocated but not released if the producer.type attribute is set to "sync" (which is the default). The consequence is that the system eventually runs out of file descriptors and the VoltDB server process will crash.

Until this bug is fixed, use of synchronous Kafka export is not recommended. The workaround is to set the Kafka producer.type attribute to "async" using the VoltDB export properties.

If, while Kafka import is enabled, the Kafka broker that VoltDB is connected to stops (for example, if the server crashes or is taken down for maintenance), some messages may be lost between Kafka and VoltDB. To ensure no data is lost, we recommend you disable VoltDB import before taking down the associated Kafka broker. You can then re-enable import after the Kafka broker comes back online.

There is an issue with Kafka and the VoltDB Kafka importer where the current pointer in the Kafka queue gets reset to zero. The consequence of this event is that items in the queue get imported a second time resulting in duplicate entries. This issue will be addressed in an upcoming release. In the meantime, if you are using the Kafka importer, contact support@voltdb.com for details.

When entering a multi-line statement at the sqlcmd prompt, if a line ends in a comment (indicated by two hyphens) and the comment contains an unmatched single quote character, the following lines of input are not interpreted correctly. Specifically, the comment is incorrectly interpreted as continuing until the next single quote character or a closing semi-colon is read. This is most likely to happen when reading in a schema file containing comments. This issue is specific to the sqlcmd utility.

A fix for this condition is planned for an upcoming point release

VoltDB currently intercepts assertions as part of its handling of stored procedures. Attempts to use assertions in stored procedures for debugging or to find programmatic errors will not work as expected.

The UPPER() and LOWER() functions return a string converted to all uppercase or all lowercase letters, respectively. However, for the initial release, these functions only operate on characters in the ASCII character set. Other case-sensitive UTF-8 characters in the string are returned unchanged. Support for all case-sensitive UTF-8 characters will be included in a future release.

There is a problem with how the math library used to build the C++ client library handles large decimal values on 32-bit operating systems. As a result, the C++ library cannot serialize and pass Decimal datatypes reliably on these systems.

Note that the C++ client interface can send and receive Decimal values properly on 64-bit platforms.

Any time the database schema or stored procedures are changed, the data table showing stored procedure statistics at the bottom of the Monitor section of the VOltDB Management Center get reset. As soon as new invocations of the stored procedures occur, the statistics table will show new values based on performance after the schema update. Until invocations occur, the procedure table is blank.

The ASSUMEUNIQUE attribute is designed for identifying columns in partitioned tables where the column values are known to be unique but the table is not partitioned on that column, so VoltDB cannot verify complete uniqueness across the database. Using interactive DDL, you can create a table with a column marked as ASSUMEUNIQUE, but if you try to partition the table on the ASSUMEUNIQUE column, you receive an error. The solution is to drop and add the column using the UNIQUE attribute instead of ASSUMEUNIQUE.

You cannot add or remove a column constraint such as UNIQUE or ASSUMEUNIQUE using the ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN statement. Instead to add or remove such constraints, you must first drop then add the modified column. For example:

ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN empID;
ALTER TABLE employee ADD COLUMN empID INTEGER UNIQUE;

For partitioned tables, the value of the column used to partition the table determines what partition the row belongs to. If you use UPDATE to change this value and the new value belongs in a different partition, the UPDATE request will fail and the stored procedure will be rolled back.

Updating the partition column value may or may not cause the record to be repartitioned (depending on the old and new values). However, since you cannot determine if the update will succeed or fail, you should not use UPDATE to change the value of partitioning columns.

The workaround, if you must change the value of the partitioning column, is to use both a DELETE and an INSERT statement to explicitly remove and then re-insert the desired rows.

If you refer to a table or column name that does not exist, VoltDB reports that the "user lacks privilege or object not found". This can happen, for example, if you misspell a table or column name.

Another situation where this occurs is if you mistakenly use double quotation marks to enclose a string literal (such as WHERE ColumnA="True"). ANSI SQL requires single quotes for string literals and reserves double quotes for object names. In the preceding example, VoltDB interprets "True" as an object name, cannot resolve it, and issues the "user lacks privilege" error.

The workaround is, if you receive this error, to look for misspelled table or columns names or string literals delimited by double quotes in the offending SQL statement.

Starting with VoltDB 6.0, ambiguous column references are no longer allowed. For example, if both the Customer and Placedorder tables have a column named Address, the reference to Address in the following SELECT statement is ambiguous:

SELECT OrderNumber, Address FROM Customer, Placedorder
   . . .

Previously, VoltDB would select the column from the leftmost table (Customer, in this case). Ambiguous column references are no longer allowed and you must use table prefixes to disambiguate identical column names. For example, specifying the column in the preceding statement as Customer.Address.

A corollary to this change is that a column declared in a USING clause can now be referenced using a prefix. For example, the following statement uses the prefix Customer.Address to disambiguate the column selection from a possibly similarly named column belonging to the Supplier table:

SELECT OrderNumber, Vendor, Customer.Address
   FROM Customer, Placedorder Using (Address), Supplier
    . . .

VoltDB opens a file descriptor for every client connection to the database. In normal operation, this use of file descriptors is transparent to the user. However, if there are an inordinate number of concurrent client connections, or clients open and close many connections in rapid succession, it is possible for VoltDB to exceed the process limit on file descriptors. When this happens, new connections may be rejected or other disk-based activities (such as snapshotting) may be disrupted.

In environments where there are likely to be an extremely large number of connections, you should consider increasing the operating system's per-process limit on file descriptors.